4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.
[A] what[B] that[C] which[D] who
5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much we can learn from him today.
[A] as[B] when[C] who[D] that
五、在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
6) After a while I recognized him as “Big Jim,” used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.
[A] which[B] who[C] he[D] that
7) I have often wondered whether some people, had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.
[A] whom[B] who[C] which[D] what
8) This means we shall have to carry our own water, will add even greater weight to the saucer.“
[A] that[B] although[C] why[D] which
六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分,而不是一个名词
9) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country, amounts to washing one’s hands of English complex structures.
[A] whom[B] which[C] when[D] that
七、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislikes it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
八、有时as也可用作关系代词
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his turned out not quite as he had expected.
2) D为正确答案。“has exceeded”超过,超越“,空档后”spent on public health“作定语,而空档处是代词代替”The amount of monay“,这是不可数名词,所以”[A] one“和”[B] those“均不符合条件。”[C] it“也不对,it代词代”the amount of money spent on cosmetics,“那么空档后的”spent on public health“显然与”spent on cosmetics“相矛盾。所以C也不对。
3) D为正确答案。“what”和“which”为连接和关系代词,“that”指代单数,而空档处是代前边的“The clture and customs of America”,所以应当用复数代词those.
4) Numerous efforts have been made [A] to improve [B] the laws governing [C] air pollution, but none have been as successful as them [D] devised by the state of Oregon.
5) An internationally famous ballerina [A] , Maria Tallchief demonstrated [B] that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those [C] of the ballet in Europe [D] .
6) Since the job was going to be [A] difficult, he asked only [B] them [C] he trusted to assist him [D] .
7) Forest animals [A] utilize the sense [B] of smell less [C] than them [D] in the countryside.
例题解析
4) D错。 改为those.这里“those”与“none”同指,都代“the laws”。
5) C错。 改为that,代“the quality.”
6) C错。改为those.C处作“asked”的宾语,又作“he trusted to assist him”的先行词。
7) D 错。 改为those.
三、such修饰可数名词须与a连用,也可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词
8) Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if proposal were accepted.
[A] so many
[B] a so many
[C] a such
[D] such a
9) Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?
1) Every [A] knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated, but how many [B] realize that they were once [C] homes for the indigent and the friendless [D] ?
2) Everyone [A] child in the United States must [B] receive [C] some form of educational instruction [D] .
3) Food seasoning plays an important [A] role in the cooking [B] customs of much [C] cultures in [D] the world.
4) The general sales tax has been [A] a major source of income for state governments, much [B] of which derive more than half [C] of their budgets from [D] it.
5) Data received from [A] two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence [B] that huge thunderstorms are now occurring [C] around the equator [D] of the planet Saturn.
10) I’d like to [A] buy a coat similar [B] to one [C] you are wearing [D] .
11) Though [A] Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight [B] vision in another [C] , he became [D] an internationally renowned jazz musician.
12) Because they are generally [A] taken simply to obtain a recognizable [B] and relatively clear [C] image, most nonprefessional photographs demand few [D] equipment.
1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent [A] was apparent [B] by the time him [C] enrolled [D] in high school.
2) Legends often contain an element [A] of fact, but [B] sometimes it is [C] totally [D] untrue.
3) Unlike [A] road vehicles, Hovercrafts have no physical [B] contact with the surface over which [C] them [D] travel.
4) Let you and I [A] promise that we shall always [B] dare to do [C] what is [D] right.
5) Most of we [A] know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton, but how many [B] are aware that [C] they also direct with their faces, hands [D] , and shoulders?
二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It’s theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don’t like hers),与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。
三、同步练习
1) A scientist bases its [A] work on hypotheses that [B] have been checked [C] through careful [D] experimentation.
2) Crude rubber is an [A] elastic(有弹性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591, though it [B] composition varies with different latexes(橡浆) as well as [C] with the way it is prepared [D] at the plantation.
3) Manufacturers [A] of consumer goods [B] often change [C] the styles of them [D] products.
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待。
2. as much:表示“与…同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿意把它买下的。
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。
3. as many:表示“与…一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。
二、表示“几倍于”的比较级:用twice (两倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构
This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。(这个比那个大三倍。) Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。
He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍。
三、“the same +名词+as”表示同等比较
四、比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量,far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步
五、与比较级有关的特殊词用法
1. no more than …表示“只不过”,“并不比…”(等于not any more than)
Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine.
人没有食物不能生存,植物没有阳光也不能生长。
There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one.
这项任务没有困难,那项任务也没有困难。
2. no less than 表示“不亚于”
There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.
出席新年晚会的有五百人之多。(出席的人较多)
3. not less than 表示“不少于”
There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.
出席新年晚会的只有五百人。(出席的人较不多)
4. more often than not 表示“多数情况下”
On Friday mornings, he comes late more often than not.
多数情况下,他星期五来得晚。
5. all the more 因而更加
We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我们更加钦佩他的坦率。
6. (be) better off 较富裕,环境较好
7. had better 最好……
Come, you had much better have the thing out at once. 来,你最好把这东西弄出去。
8. less than 不到
The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph(miles per hour) and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火车最快每小时只有13英里,那时的大船还不到这个速度的一半。
9. little more than 差不多
The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours.
他们仓的粮食跟我们仓的粮食差不多。
10. more than 超过,不止
I have waited for your for more than two hours. 我等了你两个多小时。
11. more or less 大体上,或多或少
The work is more or less finished. 工作大体算完成了。
Most of them came here to near money, more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他们大都来挣钱的,但王先生有点像为事业而工作。
12. other than 除了
They imposed no pre conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital. 除了会议要在他们的首都开之外,他们没有提出任何先决条件。
13. rather than 而不是,与其…宁愿(rather than表示“与其…宁愿”时,如果位于句首引导句子,有虚拟的成分,相当于“… would rathe than,”所以rather than后面跟动词原形)
Read what interests you; read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels.
读你感兴趣的东西,读你有时间读的东西,如杂志和报纸而不是小说。
Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price.
她以半价把土豆给卖了,而没有让它们烂掉。
Rather than cause trouble, he left.
为了不惹事,他还是走了。
14. so much the better 就更好了
If she will help us, so much the better.
如果他能帮我们,那就更好了。
15. so much the worse 就更糟了
So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class.
如果你继续逃课的话,就对你更不利了。
16. the more…the more(less)“越是……,就越……”
六、比较中的省略
1. 在as…as中,as从句可省略整个谓语部分,保留主语
She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一样好(省去了does)。
2. 可以省去谓语部分,保留主语和be、have等助动词
Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done.)
3. 可以省去主语和谓语,只剩下状语
It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天气没有大同冷。
4. than从句也可以省去整个谓语部分,保留主语
They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他们说血浓于水,亲属对我们来说比其他人更重要。
5. than从句省去部分谓语,保留主语和be,have或助动词
The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do.
白领工人比蓝领工人挣得多。
这时 我们可以进行倒装,即将than后从句中的be,have或助动词移到该从句的前边
After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones.
相对来说,大变动比小变动毕竟容易些。
The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff.
有时比较级并不一定出现than,这时通过上下文可喑示出,如:-Of the two oranges, which do you choose? -I like the larger one.这里的larger one是指前边提到的两个当中的较大的一个。而且有些形容词在表示比较的时候,跟“to”而不用“than”
1. prior to 较早的,较重要的
The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
I called on him prior to my departure. 动身前我去看了他一趟。
2. superior to优越,高于
In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强。
They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他们决心战胜一切困难。
3. inferior to 下等的,次的
These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 这些苹果的味道不如那些。
4. senior to 年长的,地位高的;junior年幼的,地位低的,迟的
He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。
Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我迟六星期。
5. preferable to 更好的
Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.
贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。
6. prefer…to 更倾向于…
I prefer this to that. 我喜欢这个而不喜欢那个。
八、最高级在特殊短语中的使用:在有下列短语的句子中,往往使用最高级
1. one of…
3. in the world(或群体名词)
九、其他有关比较的习惯表达法
1. “as +形容词(副词)+as possible”结构,表示“最…,尽可能…”:“as quickly as possible”(尽量快)
2. “ sooner or later”是成语,表示“迟早、早晚”
3. “would rather +动词原形+than …”是惯用句型,表示“宁愿…而不愿…”,由于连词than 要求前后所比较的成分要一致
14) Last year the country had [A] fewer imports as [B] did the year before last [C] due to [D] the energy crisis.
解析: B错。 改为than.
15) Long Island, an [A] island that forms the [B] southeastern part of New York, has a [C] greater population than which [D] of fortytwo of thefifty states.
解析: D错。 改为that,代替population.
16) The grain of rye is longer [A] and slenderer [B] than [C] those of [D] wheat.
解析:D错。 改为that.这里比较的“The grain”不是复数,不能用复数代词those.
17) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than .
[A] the domestic marketer has [B] the domestic marketer does
[C] those of the domestic marketer [D] that which has the domestic marketer
[C] one which the oldest [D] the one is the oldest of
解析:A对。“one of the oldest…”表示“(历史)最长的栽种植物之一”,C和D均不合语法,而B选项中的one多余。
19) , William Shakespeare is the most widely known.
[A] With all writers in English
[B] All writers in English
[C] All of the writers in English
[D] Of all writers in English
解析:D为正确答案。
20) The crane is of the wading birds.
[A] the tallest
[B] the tallest that is
[C] which is the tallest
[D] which the tallest is
解析:A为正确答案。
21) The Appalachians Trail, extending [A] approximately 2,020 miles [B] from Maine to Georgia, is the longer [C] continuous [D] marked footpath in the world.
解析:C错。只有在两者相比较时才使用比较级,而本句出现了状语in the world,明显表示不止两者相比,故应改用最高级 (the) longest .
22) La Paz, Bolivia is the higher [A] capital city in [B] the western hemisphere and [C] the secondhighest [D] in the world.
解析:A错。 改为the highest.
23) The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as .
[A] possibly little nourishment [B] nourishment possibly little
[C] little as possible nourishment [D] little nourishment as possible
解析:D 为正确答案,“as little nourishment as possible ”意为“尽可能少的养料”。
24) Earlier [A] or later, all lakes are influenced [B] by eutrophication, a process in which lake sediment(沉积物) lowers the depth [C] of the water and drains(除去) oxygen from it [D] .
解析: A错。改为sooner.
25) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf of the telephone.
[A] than inventing [B] than as the inventor
[C] the invention [D] as the inventor
解析:B 为正确答案,两个短语“as a teacher of the deaf”和“ as the inventor of the telephone”相比。
26) Wool is characteristic on which to classify breeds of sheep.
27) The Democratic party has controlled [A] the most [B] of the elected positions at [C] state and local levels in South Carolina since [D] the Reconstruction.
解析:B错。 改为most.
28) During [A] the seventeenth century the most [B] colonists were primarily concerned with [C] D)] economics [D] and defense.
解析:B错。 改为most.
29) Belgium, in the [A] 19th century, rapid [B] grew into [C] an industrial [D] country.
解析:A错。改为rapidly.
30) The Lost Colony in North Carolina mysterious [A] disappeared between [B] 1587 and 1590, when its [C] founder returned from a visit [D] to England.
解析:A错。改为mysteriously.
31) Many flatworms have of eyes.
[A] more pairs than one
[B] more than one pair
[C] one more pair than
[D] one pair more than
解析:B为正确答案。
32) Of the two houses the family prefers .
[A] the most isolated one
[B] the one isolated more
[C] the more isolated one
[D] the isolated one more
解析:C为正确答案。
33) Freezing is at present one of the of preserving meats and vegatables.
[A] most methods are important
[B] methods most important
[C] most important methods
[D] most are important methods
解析:C为正确答案。
34) The radio was of so [A] inferior quality that [B] I took it back [C] and asked for a better one [D] .
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the
四、同步练习
1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .
[A] to run for fifteen minutes
[B] running for fifteen minutes
[C] you run for fifteen minutes
[D] fifteenminute walking
解析:B为正确答案。
2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while [A] not quite as curious than [B] the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence [C] and memory retention(记忆力) in solving [D] a problem.
解析:B错。改为 as ,和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较。
3) Alaska is twice [A] as larger [B] as [C] the next largest [D] state, Texas.
解析:B错。 改为as large.
4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
[A] such [B] more [C] as [D] than
解析:C对。动词rival(胜过、匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献),由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用as,使前后对比成分一致。
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter.
[A] that [B] so [C] this [D] as
解析:B为正确答案。
6) Natural mica(云母) of [A] a superior [B] quality is cheapest [C] to obtain than synthetic [D] mica.
8) Josephine McCrackin joined [A] the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late [B] , remained [C] active in journalistic [D] work.
解析:B错。应改为比较级later,因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年,故应使用比较级。
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
[A] ours [B] with us [C] for ours it had [D] it did for us
解析:D为正确答案。
10) Sound travels air.
[A] faster through water than through [B] faster than through water and
[C] through water faster and[D] where it is faster through water than through
解析:A为正确答案。
11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrand’s pupils, followed [A] the style of his teacher so implicitly that [B] his paintings [C] are sometimes confused with his master [D] .
解析:D错。 改为his master’s.
12) The more [A] fearsome of all the [B] animals in [C] the Western [D] Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
解析:A错。 改为most.
13) Of all economic [A] problems, inflation continues to be [B] a [C] most significant in its daily impact on [D] people and business.
解析:C错。改为the, significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most),注意句中的“of all… ”。
14) ,the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.
[A] All the activities [B] The activities
[C] Of all the activities [D] It is the activities
解析:C为正确答案。本句空白处缺状语,A和B全为名词短语,不符合条件;D为句子,和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除。只有C正确,和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应。
二、关于“千”百“百万”的数词: 如果“hundred”、“thousand”和“million”前边没有表示数字和其他限定词修饰时(如“a few”、“one”、“ ten”等),则可用复数形式,表示不定数,后面再加“of+名词”:hundreds of (数以百计的),thousands and thousands of (成千上万的),millions of (数以百万计的)