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四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(十二)

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代词(五)

  内 容 提 要

  代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。

  关 系 代 词

  关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which,as.它们用来引导定语从句。它们既代表所修饰词,又在从句中担任一定的成分。

  一、who和whom代表人,who在从句作主语而whom在从句中作(动词或介词的)宾语

  1) Human beings are social [A] animals whom [B] usually prefer not to live in physical [C] or psychological isolation [D] .

  二、whose表示“某人的”,在从句中作定语

  2) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.

  [A] which [B] its[C] that[D] whose

  三、that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物或前边整个句子所表述的情况;that在从句中作主语、宾语和表语;which在从句中作主语或宾语

  3) The first doll say “mama” was invented in 1830.

  [A] that it could [B] could [C] it could [D] that could

  四、代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等

  4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.

  [A] what[B] that[C] which[D] who

  5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much we can learn from him today.

  [A] as[B] when[C] who[D] that

  五、在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物

  6) After a while I recognized him as “Big Jim,” used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.

  [A] which[B] who[C] he[D] that

  7) I have often wondered whether some people, had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.

  [A] whom[B] who[C] which[D] what

  8) This means we shall have to carry our own water, will add even greater weight to the saucer.“

  [A] that[B] although[C] why[D] which

  六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分,而不是一个名词

  9) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country, amounts to washing one’s hands of English complex structures.

  [A] whom[B] which[C] when[D] that

  七、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

  Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

  I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislikes it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。

  We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

  八、有时as也可用作关系代词

  Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his turned out not quite as he had expected.

  九、例题解析

  1) B错。改为who.2) D为正确答案。3) D为正确答案。4) B为正确答案。5) D为正确答案。

  6) B为正确答案。7) B为正确答案。8) D为正确答案。9) B为正确答案。

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(十一)

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代词(四)

  内 容 提 要

  代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。

  指 示 代 词

  一、指示代词this,that,these和those用来代替上文已提到或指示眼前的人或物,在句中可充当主语、宾语和定语。做定语的指示代词要与所修饰的词在数上一致

  1) Today’s libraries differ greatly from        .

  [A] the past [B] those of the past [C] that are past [D] those past

  2) The amount of money spent on cosmetics, according to some authorities, has exceeded spent on public health.

  [A] one

  [B] those

  [C] it

  [D] that

  3) The culture and customs of America are more like of England than of any other country.

  [A] that

  [B] what

  [C] which

  [D] those

  例题解析

  1) B为正确答案。此题中的differ from意为“不同于”,相比较的对象为“现代的图书馆”与“以往的图书馆”,故应选B ,用those代替前面提到的libraries(复数)。

  2) D为正确答案。“has exceeded”超过,超越“,空档后”spent on public health“作定语,而空档处是代词代替”The amount of monay“,这是不可数名词,所以”[A] one“和”[B] those“均不符合条件。”[C] it“也不对,it代词代”the amount of money spent on cosmetics,“那么空档后的”spent on public health“显然与”spent on cosmetics“相矛盾。所以C也不对。

  3) D为正确答案。“what”和“which”为连接和关系代词,“that”指代单数,而空档处是代前边的“The clture and customs of America”,所以应当用复数代词those.

  二、为了避免重复,that或those来代替前边的名词或代词,that表示事物,those表示人。一般来讲that表示单数或不可数,而those表示复数。但those可以和who连用,由who引导一个定语从句,这时those就不是代替前边的某词

  4) Numerous efforts have been made [A] to improve [B] the laws governing [C] air pollution, but none have been as successful as them [D] devised by the state of Oregon.

  5) An internationally famous ballerina [A] , Maria Tallchief demonstrated [B] that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those [C] of the ballet in Europe [D] .

  6) Since the job was going to be [A] difficult, he asked only [B] them [C] he trusted to assist him [D] .

  7) Forest animals [A] utilize the sense [B] of smell less [C] than them [D] in the countryside.

  例题解析

  4) D错。 改为those.这里“those”与“none”同指,都代“the laws”。

  5) C错。 改为that,代“the quality.”

  6) C错。改为those.C处作“asked”的宾语,又作“he trusted to assist him”的先行词。

  7) D 错。 改为those.

  三、such修饰可数名词须与a连用,也可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词

  8) Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if proposal were accepted.

  [A] so many

  [B] a so many

  [C] a such

  [D] such a

  9) Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?

  [A] so

  [B] those

  [C] such

  [D] such a

  例题解析

  8) D为正确答案。

  9) C为正确答案。

四川师范大学成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(十)

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代词(三)

  内 容 提 要

  代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。

  不 定 代 词

  一、“every”(每一个)只作为定语使用,即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语,它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。 everyone相当于名词,它不可修饰其他名词,只作主语或宾语

  1) Every [A] knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated, but how many [B] realize that they were once [C] homes for the indigent and the friendless [D] ?

  2) Everyone [A] child in the United States must [B] receive [C] some form of educational instruction [D] .

  例题解析

  1) A错。every不可单独充当句子成分,应在其后加上person或改为everyone.

  2) A错。改为Every,修饰child.

  二、“much”和“many”分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词,可作为代词(如much of)和形容词使用

  3) Food seasoning plays an important [A] role in the cooking [B] customs of much [C] cultures in [D] the world.

  4) The general sales tax has been [A] a major source of income for state governments, much [B] of which derive more than half [C] of their budgets from [D] it.

  5) Data received from [A] two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence [B] that huge thunderstorms are now occurring [C] around the equator [D] of the planet Saturn.

  例题解析

  3) C错。应改为of many,因为被修饰词cultures为可数名词,故其修饰语应用many,而much要修饰不可数名词。

  4) B错。应改用many,因此处所指代的是可数名词governments(复数),many在本句中为代词,作非限定性定语从句的主语。

  5) B错。应改为much evidence,因为evidence(证据,迹象)为不可数名词,故应用much来修饰。

  三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定数量的代词,相当于汉语的“一些”,作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,其中some(包括它的合成词something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句,而any(包括它的合成词anything, anyone, anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中,其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的“任何”;形容词修饰something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody时,形容词要放在这些词的后边

  6) Historians [A] have never reached some general [B] agreement about [C] the precise causes of the [D] Civil War in the United States.

  例题解析

  6) B错。应为any general,因为本句为否定句(否定副词never),应该用any,此处表示“(没有达成过) 任何共识”。

  四、“another”和“other”分别表示“另外的一个”(an+other)和“另外的”其余的“意思,可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语,其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词,后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词,二者不能相互混淆

  7) Lizards lack [A] the builtin body temperature control [B] many another [C] creatures possess [D] .

  8) Some bacterium are extremely [A] harmful, but anothers [B] are regularly [C] used in producing cheeses, crackers, and many other foods [D] .

  9) Like [A] most another [B] art forms, the Greek tragedy had [C] its origins in religious [D] observances.

  例题解析

  7) C错。应改用other来修饰可数复数名词creatures.本句是一个省略了关系代词that(或which)的定语从句,control为名词作主句中及物动词(谓语)lack的宾语,同时又受其后面定语从句的修饰。

  8) B错。 改为others.

  9) B错。 改为other.

  五、one与other “one”作为代词代替前面提到的人或物,它前边加the; “other”作代词修饰复数名词。 “one…another”表示“一个…另一个”的意思,或表示多个(三者以上)之中的“另一个”,“又一个”; “one…the other”表示两者之中剩下的“另一个,又一个”

  10) I’d like to [A] buy a coat similar [B] to one [C] you are wearing [D] .

  11) Though [A] Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight [B] vision in another [C] , he became [D] an internationally renowned jazz musician.

  例题解析

  10) C错。改为to the one.

  11) C错。应用the other,因为此处表示两者之中的另一个,Art Tatum为人的名字,他只有两只眼睛,故提到“另一只”时应用the other.

  六、 “few”和“little”两者分别为“many”和“much”的反义词,表示“少,很少”的意思,有否定含义,即等于“几乎没有”,如若表示肯定的含义,则应在little和few前加不定冠词“a”,即变为“a few”和“a little”

  12) Because they are generally [A] taken simply to obtain a recognizable [B] and relatively clear [C] image, most nonprefessional photographs demand few [D] equipment.

  例题解析

  12) D错。应改用little,因为equipment为不可数名词,故其修饰语应用little,few后面只接可数复数名词。

  七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语

  13) of giftgiving, barter, buying and selling goes on among the Narvjos.

  [A] A great deal [B] A great many [C] Much greater [D] Many

  例题解析

  13) A为正确答案。空白后为不可数名词“giftgiving, barter, buying”,“[B] A great amny”和“[D] Many”修饰可数名词,而“[C] Much greater”本身是形容词,空档后不应有“of”, 所以填“[A] A great deal of”。

  八、“nothing but”表示“只不过,就是,只有”

  He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。

  Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。

  九、“anything but” 表示“根本不,并不”

  She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。

  John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。

  十、“something of” 表示“略有”

  He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。

  I’m something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。

  (试比较)

  He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。

  十一、“none other than”表示“就是”

  The new arrival was none other than the President. 刚到的那人就是总统本人。

  我们要注意none other than 与 other than 的区别,后者表示“与……不同”

  I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改变现状。

  The truth is quite other than what we think. 事实与我们所想的不一样。

  十二、“none”有时可作副词,表示“一点也不”

  We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。

  十三、nowhere可用以成语:be nowhere一无所得,一事无成;get nowhere一事无成,nowhere near离……很远。

  十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词,或有其他的含义

  He is all attention, and she is all eyes. 他十分留意,她也注意力集中。

  Everybody who is anybody (somebody) at all will be at the dance.

  [句中的“anybody(somebody)”在此当“大人物,重要人物”讲。]

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(九)

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代词(二)

  内 容 提 要

  代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。

  反 身 代 词

  一、反身代词有myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself.主语与宾语为同一人或物时,要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词),反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用

  1) All [A] the scouts(童子军) got theirselves [B] ready for the [C] long camping trip by spending their weekends living [D] in the open.

  2) Various [A] animals have shells that keep themselves [B] from growing beyond [C] a certain [D] size.

  3) Benjamin Banneker’s aptitude [A] in mathematics [B] and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself [C] to predict the solar [D] eclipse of 1789.

  4) The president announced that he himself [A] would act upon [B] the evidence as presented [C] to himself [D] by the congressional committee.

  5) Garrett [A] Morgan died in Cleveland, Ohio, the city that [A] had awarded himself [B] a gold medal for his devotion [C] to public [D] safety.

  6) Plants rid them [A] of excess water through [B] transpiration, the evaporation of extra [C] moisture from their [D] leaves.

  7) When Jonathan went [A] to Spain with his [B] sister, he bought a [C] leather coat for her and another for him [D] .

  二、例题解析

  1) B错。 改为themselves.

  2) B错。B处明显指代animals,而它前面的主语that却指代shells,也就是说“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主语与宾语不是同一物,故不能用反身代词,应改为宾格them.

  3) C错。本句的主语为aptitude,而非Benjamin Banneker(在这里它作aptitude的定语),而C处的代词却指上文提到的人名“Benjamin Banneker”,由于主语与宾语并非指同一人,故不能用反身代词,应改用宾格him.

  4) D错。 改为to him.动词“presented”的(逻辑)主语是“evidence”,而不是A处的“he,”所以D“himself”处与C处“presented”的主语“evidence”不一致,所以不能用反身代词。

  5) B错。 改为him.同上。

  6) A错。此处的them指主语plants,rid是及物动词,由于主语与宾语指同一物,故应使用反身代词themselves.

  7) D错。 改为for himself.

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(八)

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代词(一)

  内 容 提 要

  代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。

  人 称 代 词

  一、主格人称代词有I, we, you, he, she, they, it,主格人称代词就是在句中充当主语和表语的代词

  二、宾格人称代词有me, us, you, him, her, them, it,宾格人称代词即在句中充当宾语(含介词宾语)的代词

  三、同步练习

  1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent [A] was apparent [B] by the time him [C] enrolled [D] in high school.

  2) Legends often contain an element [A] of fact, but [B] sometimes it is [C] totally [D] untrue.

  3) Unlike [A] road vehicles, Hovercrafts have no physical [B] contact with the surface over which [C] them [D] travel.

  4) Let you and I [A] promise that we shall always [B] dare to do [C] what is [D] right.

  5) Most of we [A] know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton, but how many [B] are aware that [C] they also direct with their faces, hands [D] , and shoulders?

  四、例题解析

  1) C错。him是宾格,而此处却需要作主语的人称代词,故应将him改为主格he.

  2) C错。 改为they are.C处代替的是“Legends”而不是“an element”。

  3) D错。them也是宾格,应改用主格they,作定语从句中的主语,谓语为travel.

  4) A错。 改为me.

  5) A错。改为宾格us,因为前面是介词of,us作其宾语,故用宾格。

  物 主 代 词

  一、表示人的物主代词用my, our, your, his, her和their,指无生命的东西用its(但指国家时一般用she或her),它们在句中作定语

  二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It’s theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don’t like hers),与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。

  三、同步练习

  1) A scientist bases its [A] work on hypotheses that [B] have been checked [C] through careful [D] experimentation.

  2) Crude rubber is an [A] elastic(有弹性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591, though it [B] composition varies with different latexes(橡浆) as well as [C] with the way it is prepared [D] at the plantation.

  3) Manufacturers [A] of consumer goods [B] often change [C] the styles of them [D] products.

四、例题解析

  1) A错。 改为his.

  2) B错。 改为its.

  3) D错。 改为their.

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(七)

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形容词和副词(三)

  形容词和副词的特殊表达法

  一、形容词与副词的同级比较: 由“as(so)…as”引出,其否定式为“not so…”或“not as…as”,此外还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子

  1. as such:表示上文所指明的事或人

  He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待。

  2. as much:表示“与…同量”

  Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。

  I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿意把它买下的。

  He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。

  3. as many:表示“与…一样多”

  I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。

  二、表示“几倍于”的比较级:用twice (两倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构

  This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。(这个比那个大三倍。) Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。

  He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍。

  三、“the same +名词+as”表示同等比较

  四、比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量,far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步

  五、与比较级有关的特殊词用法

  1. no more than …表示“只不过”,“并不比…”(等于not any more than)

  Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine.

  人没有食物不能生存,植物没有阳光也不能生长。

  There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one.

  这项任务没有困难,那项任务也没有困难。

  2. no less than 表示“不亚于”

  There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.

  出席新年晚会的有五百人之多。(出席的人较多)

  3. not less than 表示“不少于”

  There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.

  出席新年晚会的只有五百人。(出席的人较不多)

  4. more often than not 表示“多数情况下”

  On Friday mornings, he comes late more often than not.

  多数情况下,他星期五来得晚。

  5. all the more 因而更加

  We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我们更加钦佩他的坦率。

  6. (be) better off 较富裕,环境较好

  7. had better 最好……

  Come, you had much better have the thing out at once. 来,你最好把这东西弄出去。

  8. less than 不到

  The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph(miles per hour) and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火车最快每小时只有13英里,那时的大船还不到这个速度的一半。

  9. little more than 差不多

  The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours.

  他们仓的粮食跟我们仓的粮食差不多。

  10. more than 超过,不止

  I have waited for your for more than two hours. 我等了你两个多小时。

  11. more or less 大体上,或多或少

  The work is more or less finished. 工作大体算完成了。

  Most of them came here to near money, more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他们大都来挣钱的,但王先生有点像为事业而工作。

  12. other than 除了

  They imposed no pre conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital. 除了会议要在他们的首都开之外,他们没有提出任何先决条件。

  13. rather than 而不是,与其…宁愿(rather than表示“与其…宁愿”时,如果位于句首引导句子,有虚拟的成分,相当于“… would rathe than,”所以rather than后面跟动词原形)

  Read what interests you; read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels.

  读你感兴趣的东西,读你有时间读的东西,如杂志和报纸而不是小说。

  Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price.

  她以半价把土豆给卖了,而没有让它们烂掉。

  Rather than cause trouble, he left.

  为了不惹事,他还是走了。

  14. so much the better 就更好了

  If she will help us, so much the better.

  如果他能帮我们,那就更好了。

  15. so much the worse 就更糟了

  So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class.

  如果你继续逃课的话,就对你更不利了。

  16. the more…the more(less)“越是……,就越……”

  六、比较中的省略

  1. 在as…as中,as从句可省略整个谓语部分,保留主语

  She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一样好(省去了does)。

  2. 可以省去谓语部分,保留主语和be、have等助动词

  Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done.)

  3. 可以省去主语和谓语,只剩下状语

  It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天气没有大同冷。

  4. than从句也可以省去整个谓语部分,保留主语

  They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他们说血浓于水,亲属对我们来说比其他人更重要。

  5. than从句省去部分谓语,保留主语和be,have或助动词

  The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do.

  白领工人比蓝领工人挣得多。

  这时 我们可以进行倒装,即将than后从句中的be,have或助动词移到该从句的前边

  After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones.

  相对来说,大变动比小变动毕竟容易些。

  The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff.

  事实上,有些吸毒成瘾者与吸毒成瘾者之间戒瘾比精神病医生的作用还好;有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人员强;医院里的病人与病人之间的沟通比医务人员与病人间的沟通还强。

  6. than从句可以省去主语和部分谓语,保留宾语

  Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶给孙子的糖比给孙女的多。(省去了she gives candies to)

  7. than从句可以省去主语和谓语,保留状语

  There are more books in this library than in that library. 这个图书馆的书比那个多。(省去了there are many books)

  She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了。(省去了she was)

  Signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past. 近些年来在学校、商业和政府中欺诈的迹象比以前更多。

  8. than从句可以省去主语,保留谓语部分

  His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected. 他干此事的速度远比想象的快。(省去了he或we)

  9. 有时可以省去整个than从句

  He is much healthier and happier. 她比以往任何时侯都健康幸福。(省去了than he was ever before)

  10. 为了避免重复,我们经常用that代替不可数名词, those代替复数名词,one代替可数名词单数

  七、隐含比较级

  有时比较级并不一定出现than,这时通过上下文可喑示出,如:-Of the two oranges, which do you choose? -I like the larger one.这里的larger one是指前边提到的两个当中的较大的一个。而且有些形容词在表示比较的时候,跟“to”而不用“than”

  1. prior to 较早的,较重要的

  The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。

  I called on him prior to my departure. 动身前我去看了他一趟。

  2. superior to优越,高于

  In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强。

  They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他们决心战胜一切困难。

  3. inferior to 下等的,次的

  These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 这些苹果的味道不如那些。

  4. senior to 年长的,地位高的;junior年幼的,地位低的,迟的

  He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。

  Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我迟六星期。

  5. preferable to 更好的

  Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.

  贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。

  6. prefer…to 更倾向于…

  I prefer this to that. 我喜欢这个而不喜欢那个。

  八、最高级在特殊短语中的使用:在有下列短语的句子中,往往使用最高级

  1. one of…

  3. in the world(或群体名词)

  九、其他有关比较的习惯表达法

  1. “as +形容词(副词)+as possible”结构,表示“最…,尽可能…”:“as quickly as possible”(尽量快)

  2. “ sooner or later”是成语,表示“迟早、早晚”

  3. “would rather +动词原形+than …”是惯用句型,表示“宁愿…而不愿…”,由于连词than 要求前后所比较的成分要一致

  十、most表示“非常”: 有时most并不表示“最……”,而是作副词表示“非常”之意。其实它是much的最高级,作形容词用是“大多数”之意,前边不加the.另外much与to构成介词词组,表示“在很大程度上使……”that也可以作副词用,表示“如此,那么”相当于so

  十一、形容词与副词的修饰关系: 一般来说,形容词用来作表语(与系动词连用,注意taste, feel, become等词作系动词用时,它们后的表示应该是形容词,包括ed分词)或作定语修饰名词,而形容词不能修饰形容词包括ED分词;但副词可以修饰形容词(包括ED分词),副词还可以修饰副词、动词或短语

  十二、形容词与副词的位置

  1. 当几个形容词共同修饰同一名词时,它们的先后顺序是:限定词→数词→描述性形容词→大小、长短、形状的形容词→色彩形容词→类属形容词→表材料形容词+被修饰的名词;或只记住限定词像a, the, my, their等词在最前边,其他词根据它们与被修饰名词关系的远近进行安排

  2. 一般来说,单个副词修饰形容词时,副词放在形容词前;但enough修饰形容词时要放在形容词之后

  good enough, mysterious enough

  3. so修饰的是副词,而such修饰的是名词

  4. 形容词修饰名词时放在前边,但修饰复合不定代词(something, someone, somebody; anything, anyone, anybody; nothing, noone, nobody)时,则放在这些词之后

  something important, anything possible

  十三、关于hardly, rarely, scarcely与seldom的用法

  hardly“刚刚,不完全”,表示程度:I hardly know him. “我几乎认不出他了”,表示还是能认出或者说“我刚刚能认出他”;hardly与any连用表示“几乎没有”,与ever连用表示“几乎从来不”; scarcely的意思与hardly更接近。rarely“不经常”,表示事物发生的频率:He rarely goes there. 他很少(不经常)去那里。seldom“很少,不经常”,它与rarely更接近。

  同步练习

  1) The fiveyear deal obligates [A] the country to buy nine million tons [B] of grain a year [C] , three million more as [D] the old pact’s minimum.

  解析:D错。 改为than.

  2) The lens of a camera performs    the lens of the eye.

  [A] in the same function [B] the same function as

  [C] the function is the same as [D] and has the same function

  解析:B对。本句的汉语意思是“照相机的镜头和眼睛的水晶体所起的作用相同”。

  3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would

  have as the amount of money borrowed.

  [A] as the same value [B] the same value

  [C] value as the same [D] the value is the same

  解析:B对。本句的汉语意思是“消除通货膨涨会保证还的钱与借时的钱同值”。

  4) There are now   methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.

  [A] more sophisticated than

  [B] much more sophisticated

  [C] much sophisticated

  [D] sophisticated

  解析:B为正确答案。

  5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.

  [A] clearest

  [B] the clearest

  [C] much clearer

  [D] more clearer

  解析:C为正确答案。

  6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered [A] migratory, although [B] some do move [C] to more warmer [D] waters in winter.

  解析:D错。 改为warmer.

  7) During observations made over a fiftyyear period, the power output of the Sun has   than a few tenths of one percent.

  [A] varied by no more [B] varied no more by

  [C] not varied more by [D] more varied by not

  解析:A为正确答案。

  8) Few of the people who live on the cooperatives  than they were as laborers.

  [A] is well off financial

  [B] financially well off

  [C] are better off finanically

  [D] financial better off

  解析:C为正确答案。

  9) He came all the way to China for promoting friendship for making money.

  [A] other than [B] better than [C] more than [D] rather than

  解析:D为正确答案。

  10) He preferred to write the letter by hand .

  [A] to typing it

  [B] than type it

  [C] to type it

  [D] rather than type it

  解析: D为正确答案。

  11) The harder he tried, [A] the worst [B] he danced [C] before the large [D] audience.

  解析:B错。 改为worse.

  12) The quicker a loan [A] is repaid [B] , the least [C] it will [D] cost.

  解析: C错。 改为less.

  13) Hot objects emit   do cold objects.

  [A] rays more than infrared(红外线) [B] rays are more infrared than

  [C] more than infrared rays [D] more infrared rays than

  解析:D对。本句中的比较级为形容词more (much 的比较级),被比较的两个事物为“hot objects”和“cold objects”,在所释放(emit)的红外线(infrared rays)的量上,前者多于后者。其中more修饰infrared rays,它们不能被分开,故只有D在词序上正确。空白后面为倒装语序,其中的do代替动词emit,本句空白后也可用正常语序,即“cold objects do”。

  14) Last year the country had [A] fewer imports as [B] did the year before last [C] due to [D] the energy crisis.

  解析: B错。 改为than.

  15) Long Island, an [A] island that forms the [B] southeastern part of New York, has a [C] greater population than which [D] of fortytwo of thefifty states.

  解析: D错。 改为that,代替population.

  16) The grain of rye is longer [A] and slenderer [B] than [C] those of [D] wheat.

  解析:D错。 改为that.这里比较的“The grain”不是复数,不能用复数代词those.

  17) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than .

  [A] the domestic marketer has [B] the domestic marketer does

  [C] those of the domestic marketer [D] that which has the domestic marketer

  解析:C为正确答案。比较句中,连词than前后,即所比较的成分要一致,应该在同种事物间进行比较。本句所比较的是两种 activities ,故C正确,代词those 代替“the activities”。

  18) The grape is   cultivated plants.

  [A] one of the oldest [B] the oldest one

  [C] one which the oldest [D] the one is the oldest of

  解析:A对。“one of the oldest…”表示“(历史)最长的栽种植物之一”,C和D均不合语法,而B选项中的one多余。

  19)    , William Shakespeare is the most widely known.

  [A] With all writers in English

  [B] All writers in English

  [C] All of the writers in English

  [D] Of all writers in English

  解析:D为正确答案。

  20) The crane is of the wading birds.

  [A] the tallest

  [B] the tallest that is

  [C] which is the tallest

  [D] which the tallest is

  解析:A为正确答案。

  21) The Appalachians Trail, extending [A] approximately 2,020 miles [B] from Maine to Georgia, is the longer [C] continuous [D] marked footpath in the world.

  解析:C错。只有在两者相比较时才使用比较级,而本句出现了状语in the world,明显表示不止两者相比,故应改用最高级 (the) longest .

  22) La Paz, Bolivia is the higher [A] capital city in [B] the western hemisphere and [C] the secondhighest [D] in the world.

  解析:A错。 改为the highest.

  23) The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as .

  [A] possibly little nourishment [B] nourishment possibly little

  [C] little as possible nourishment [D] little nourishment as possible

  解析:D 为正确答案,“as little nourishment as possible ”意为“尽可能少的养料”。

  24) Earlier [A] or later, all lakes are influenced [B] by eutrophication, a process in which lake sediment(沉积物) lowers the depth [C] of the water and drains(除去) oxygen from it [D] .

  解析: A错。改为sooner.

  25) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf    of the telephone.

  [A] than inventing [B] than as the inventor

  [C] the invention [D] as the inventor

  解析:B 为正确答案,两个短语“as a teacher of the deaf”和“ as the inventor of the telephone”相比。

  26) Wool is characteristic on which to classify breeds of sheep.

  [A] most obviously

  [B] obvious the most

  [C] the most obvious

  [D] the most obvious that is

  解析:C为正确答案。注意: 空档后的“characteristic”是名词而不是形容词,所以不能填A.

  27) The Democratic party has controlled [A] the most [B] of the elected positions at [C] state and local levels in South Carolina since [D] the Reconstruction.

  解析:B错。 改为most.

  28) During [A] the seventeenth century the most [B] colonists were primarily concerned with [C] D)] economics [D] and defense.

  解析:B错。 改为most.

  29) Belgium, in the [A] 19th century, rapid [B] grew into [C] an industrial [D] country.

  解析:A错。改为rapidly.

  30) The Lost Colony in North Carolina mysterious [A] disappeared between [B] 1587 and 1590, when its [C] founder returned from a visit [D] to England.

  解析:A错。改为mysteriously.

  31) Many flatworms have  of eyes.

  [A] more pairs than one

  [B] more than one pair

  [C] one more pair than

  [D] one pair more than

  解析:B为正确答案。

  32) Of the two houses the family prefers .

  [A] the most isolated one

  [B] the one isolated more

  [C] the more isolated one

  [D] the isolated one more

  解析:C为正确答案。

  33) Freezing is at present one of the of preserving meats and vegatables.

  [A] most methods are important

  [B] methods most important

  [C] most important methods

  [D] most are important methods

  解析:C为正确答案。

  34) The radio was of so [A] inferior quality that [B] I took it back [C] and asked for a better one [D] .

  解析: A错。 改为such.

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(六)

刘老师阅读(181)

形容词和副词(二)

  内 容 提 要——形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法

  一、原级比较的基本用法

  1. 原级比较由“as+形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)+as ”构成“原级相同”比较句,表示两者比较;其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) +形容词或副词+as”,而且as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰

  2. “as (so)+名词+as+名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as

  二、比较级

  1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级+than+…,”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”。连词than后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、ING结构和ED结构,有时也可省去than.

  2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致

  三、最高级

  1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)

  2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the

  四、同步练习

  1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as    .

  [A] to run for fifteen minutes

  [B] running for fifteen minutes

  [C] you run for fifteen minutes

  [D] fifteenminute walking

  解析:B为正确答案。

  2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while [A] not quite as curious than [B] the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence [C] and memory retention(记忆力) in solving [D] a problem.

  解析:B错。改为 as ,和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较。

  3) Alaska is twice [A] as larger [B] as [C] the next largest [D] state, Texas.

  解析:B错。 改为as large.

  4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions    a politician.

  [A] such  [B] more  [C] as  [D] than

  解析:C对。动词rival(胜过、匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献),由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用as,使前后对比成分一致。

  5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter.

  [A] that  [B] so  [C] this  [D] as

  解析:B为正确答案。

  6) Natural mica(云母) of [A] a superior [B] quality is cheapest [C] to obtain than synthetic [D] mica.

  解析:C错。应改为比较级cheaper.比较级后并不一定跟接连词than,有时在其间有名词或名词短语(被形容词所修饰),介词短语,不定式或其他成分隔开。

  7) She is older than .

  [A] any other girl in the group  [B] any girl in the group

  [C] all girls in the group     [D] you and me as well as the group

  解析:A为正确答案。“She”作为单个不能跟全组比(C和D不对),也不能跟全组所有相比,因为“她”也是其中一员,自然“她”不能跟自己相比。这里“She”比较的是“这组中的任何一个”,所以A对。

  8) Josephine McCrackin joined [A] the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late [B] , remained [C] active in journalistic [D] work.

  解析:B错。应改为比较级later,因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年,故应使用比较级。

  9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than   .

  [A] ours   [B] with us   [C] for ours it had   [D] it did for us

  解析:D为正确答案。

  10) Sound travels   air.

  [A] faster through water than through [B] faster than through water and

  [C] through water faster and[D] where it is faster through water than through

  解析:A为正确答案。

  11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrand’s pupils, followed [A] the style of his teacher so implicitly that [B] his paintings [C] are sometimes confused with his master [D] .

  解析:D错。 改为his master’s.

  12) The more [A] fearsome of all the [B] animals in [C] the Western [D] Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.

  解析:A错。 改为most.

  13) Of all economic [A] problems, inflation continues to be [B] a [C] most significant in its daily impact on [D] people and business.

  解析:C错。改为the, significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most),注意句中的“of all… ”。

  14)     ,the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.

  [A] All the activities  [B] The activities

  [C] Of all the activities   [D] It is the activities

  解析:C为正确答案。本句空白处缺状语,A和B全为名词短语,不符合条件;D为句子,和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除。只有C正确,和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应。

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(五)

刘老师阅读(146)

形容词和副词(一)

  内 容 提 要

  形容词和副词在语法结构中主要用于比较级和最高级。形容词和副词的构成形式基本上一样,它们的形式与单音节、双音节和多音节有关,当然还有其特殊形式。形容词和副词比较级的基本用法分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。但这三种形式都有它们特殊的表达方式以及它们的惯用法。对以下要点大家须一一掌握。

  形容词比较级和最高级的形式

  一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成

  形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下

  构 成 法 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级

  ① 一般单音节词末尾加er 和 est strong stronger strongest

  ② 单音节词如果以e结尾,只加r 和st strange stranger strangest

  ③ 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母,

  须先双写这个辅音字母,再加er和est sad

  big

  hot sadder

  bigger

  hotter saddest

  biggest

  hottest

  ④ 少数以y,er(或ure),ow,ble结尾的双音节词,

  末尾加er和est(以y结尾的词,如y前是辅音字母,

  把y变成i,再加er和est,以e结尾的词仍

  只加r和st) angry

  clever

  narrow

  noble angrier

  cleverer

  narrower

  nobler angrest

  cleverest

  narrowest

  noblest

  ⑤ 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different more

  different most

  different

  二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式:

  1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most

  只能说 more beautiful而不能说beautifuller; 只能说the most beautiful而不能说beautifullest.

  但是,以形容前缀un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况,如unhappy,untidy,我们可以说:unhappier→unhappiest, untidier→untidiest

  2. 由ING分词和ED分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know→known)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级

  more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn等。

  3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式

  absolute fatal main right universal

  chief final naked simulta- utter

  entire foremost perfect neous vital

  eternal  inevitable  possible  sufficient  whole

  excellent infinite primary supreme wooden

  三、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式

  good

  well   better    best

  bad

  ill    worse    worst

  many

  much   more    most

  little

  few   less    least

  far   farther    farthest

  further    furthest

  副词比较级和最高级的形式

  副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样

  一般 副词

  hard→harder →hardest

  fast→faster →fastest

  late→later →latest

  early→earlier →earliest

  特殊 副词

  well →better →best

  much →more →most

  badly →worse →worst

  little →less →least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加er或est,如

  quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly

  [注]: early中的ly不是后缀,故可以把y变i再加er和est

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(四)

刘老师阅读(164)

数 词

  一、数词的分类: 数词分为序数词(one, two, three, four…)、基数词(first, second, third, fourth…)和分数词(one third, two thirds, four fifths…)。表示单一的数词与单数名词连用,但有些数词和名词连用,表示复数时仍用单数形式

  four dozen eggs(四十八个鸡蛋), two score people (四十个人), three hundred years(三百年), a few thousand horses (好几千匹马), eight million pounds (八百万英磅)。

  注意:被这些数词修饰的名词一定是复数,反过来,如果被修饰的名词是复数,那么就用数词的单数形式,如 a(one) thousand years:

  二、关于“千”百“百万”的数词: 如果“hundred”、“thousand”和“million”前边没有表示数字和其他限定词修饰时(如“a few”、“one”、“ ten”等),则可用复数形式,表示不定数,后面再加“of+名词”:hundreds of (数以百计的),thousands and thousands of (成千上万的),millions of (数以百万计的)

  三、关于连字符连接的数词: 在连字符连接的“数词+普通名词+形容词”中,“数词”和“普通名词”都要用单数形式

  a threeyearold girl, a threemilelong walk

  四、基数词中表示“几十”的复数形式可以表达人的岁数或年代

  He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。

  五、分数词:分数词是由基数词和序数词组成的,分子是基数词,分母是序数词。除了表示“1”以外,分母序数词都用复数

  六、百分数: 表示百分比的percent用单数,如ninty percent(90%)

四川师范类院校成人高考英语语法归纳及练习(三)

刘老师阅读(191)

冠 词

  冠词有两种,一是不定冠词a/an,另外一种是定冠词the(有的语法学家说有三种冠词,这另外一种是零念冠词,这里我们不讨论)。

  一、不定冠词及其用法

  1. 可数名词在表泛指时,要加不定冠词“a/an”表示“一个”,“每一”相当于one或表示某一

  2. a用在辅音音素(即音标中的辅音而不是辅音字母)之前,如a European scientist.an用在元音音素(音标中的元音而不是指元音字母)之前,如an Xray examination

  3. 跟汉语一样,并列的两个单数名词表示一个概念,第二个名词前的不定冠词a可以省去,以避免重复

  二、定冠词的用法

  1. 一般来说,普通名词有特指和泛指,如果特指,就要加定冠词;如果泛指,可数名词前加不定冠词,或用其复数形式

  2. 定冠词the主要和名词连用,表示某些特定的人或事物

  3. 由of引起的限定性短语(作定语)所修饰的词前加the

  4. 表示身体的某一部位,用the代替物主代词my, our, your, his, her等

  5. 表示江河海洋,海峡海湾,山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the

  6. 定冠词the加姓氏的复数,表示某某一家人,如果做主语,谓语动词要用复数

  7. 当一个抽象名词,不表示一般的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the

  8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the

  the People’s Republic of China

  三、同步练习

  1. ____rose  is____beautiful flower.

  2.Mr. Smith always smokes____cigarette with ____cup of coffee.

  3.____door of____garage is broken.

  4.____donkeys are ____ stupid animals.

  5.____bread is made from ____ flour,and ____flour is made from ____wheat.

  6.She is ____good musician;she plays ____piano beautifully.

  7.Thousands of ____visitors go to ____Great Wall every ____day.

  8.When he was enghteen,he joined ____navy.

  9.He sent me ____letter and ____postcard;____letter didn’t arrive.

  10.Li is not at ____office;I think he’s gone____home.

  11.Is there ____telephone here?

  12.She is studying ____English and ____French.

  13.I bought ____pen and some paper,but I left____pen  in ____shop.

  14.____machine is made of ____steel and ____copper.

  15.____honesty is ____best policy.

  16.____coal is 60 dollars ____ton at the moment.

  17.I stay at ____home last night and listened to ____radio.

  18.We went to Paris and saw ____Palace of  Versailles.

  19.He goes back to ____ country to see his people once ____year.

  20.____Liu’s are going to ____cinema.

  四、答案

  1.the(或 a),a     2.a,a        3.the,the        4.x,x        5.x,x,x,x       6.a,the

  7.x,the,x     8.the     9.a,a,the        10.the,x       11.a         12.x,x     13.a,the,the

  14.the,x,x    15.x,the      16.x,a     17.x,the        18.x,the       19.the,a      20.the,the

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