（如 my brother’s toy我弟弟的玩具，the hostes’s living room女主人的起居室），如果原名词已经有复数词尾s，或es，只加’ （如：soldiers’ training ground士兵的训练场，teachers’ readingeoom教师阅览室）。注意，如果名词虽然是复数，但不是以s结尾，则仍加’s （the children’s mother孩子的妈妈）
1） It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes round shape into a teardrop shape.
［A］ of the drop ［B］ the drop’s ［C］ drop of ［D］ drops their
2） The winner ［A］ photograph was of ［B］ an old barn（仓库） window covered with ［C］ a ［D］ delicate， lacy frost（带花边的霜）。
二、另外一种属格是由介词of加名词构成名词短语
3） At ［A］ birth， the ［B］ head of a bady is extremely large in ［C］ relation to a ［D］ rest of the body.
无话可说是滔滔不绝的对立面。有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该说什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西。这是一种常见的现象。在这种情况下，即使是用中文也难以写好，更何况要用英文去表达。针对这一情况，办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。比如说，要谈论电视节目这一话题，可以联想到新闻联播，并由此想到它让人们开阔视野，了解世界。但有人觉得话题太熟悉了，反而一时说不出什么来。其实，作文题一定是永恒的话题，在任何时候都可以讨论；或为当代话题，让所有的人都有话可说。题目是公平的，绝对不会让某一专业的考生有特别的优势。所以，考生一定能联想起具体细小的事情，再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。例如，计算机的利与弊这个话题似乎太大，但是可能想到的具体的现象是小孩、学生要在计算机前玩计算机游戏。由此带来的思考是，这些学生整天呆在那里对他们的mind是有害的，并waste a lot of time.
要求考生运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。如果能用英语思维，也就谈不上会遇到多大的困难了。在实际写作过程当中，脑子里想的是中文句子，然后把一个一个的中文句子译成英文。在翻译的时候努力寻求一一对应的关系，希望找到与中文词对应的英文单词。结果句子结构和单词的选用受到中文的影响，自己感觉上也是“憋”得费劲，或者觉得表达出来了，意思差不多，而实际上给人的感觉依然还是中文。若是让老外来看这篇作文的话，也许根本就弄不清楚文章的内容，而判卷的中国老师在判卷时往往能想象出文章是怎样写出来的。在这种情况下，出路在于把中文译成英文时，不要去追求一一对应的关系，而应该“得其意，忘其形”（get the
meaning，forget the form），忘掉中文的语法结构，句法形式则可能要整个地打乱，“钻进去，跳出来”。所谓“钻进去”就是要看意思是否到位了，“跳出来”就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文，也是一样的道理，关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。如果写出来的句子整个结构都在对应，无异于用英语词说中国话，这显然是不合适的。
单词拼写错误多也是考研作文的一大问题。例如，opinion错拼为opium，结果in my opinion成了in my opium（在我的鸦片中）！常用单词是不能拼错的。有的单词平时会拼写，考试时突然没把握了，比如modern sod-ety，假如不知道modern与IElorden哪一个是对的，不妨换成society today或today‘s society，或许还能想起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的con-tempomy来代替modem.应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词：如果没法换一个词，将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号，或者两种可能都写上，让判卷老师判断后选择其中一个，这是不可取的，是有害的。
Mary my letter； otherwise she would have replied before now.
[A] couldn‘t have received [B] ought to have received
[C] has received [D] shouldn‘t have received
（答案为A）
3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：
At Florida Power‘s Crystal River plant， a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虚拟语气。
1） needn‘t have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于“didn’t need to do”，译为“其实没必要……”。如：
You needn‘t have come over yourself.
As it turned out to be a small house party， we so formally.
[A] needn‘t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up
[C] did not need dress up [D] needn‘t have dressed up
（没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的建议，实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定，答案为D）
2）should have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished； I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。
3） ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如：
Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock， which went up in smoke .
4） could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如：
What you said is right， but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
5） may/ might have +过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会……”。如：
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
二、几个情态动词常考的句型：
1） may/might （just） as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近；
Since the flight was cancelled， you might as well go by train.
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.
[A] seven more times [B] seven times more
[C] over seven times [D] seven times
（答案为B）
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting？”“No， I would gladly have paid for it.”
[A] twice so much [B] twice as much
[C] as much twice [D] so much twice
（答案为B）
My uncle is as old again as I am
4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：
inferior， minor， senior， prior， prefer to， superior， major， junior， preferable， differ from， compared with， in comparison with， different from， rather than. 如：
Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.
[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial
（答案为A）
Prior to his departure， he addressed a letter to his daughter. （1986年考研题）
5）“比较级＋and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever， steadily， daily等副词＋比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow， get ，become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如：
Things are getting worse and worse.
As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.
Her health was becoming daily worse
The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.
6）比较级前面可以用even， still， yet ，all the （more）等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如
Today it is even colder than yesterday
I have yet more exciting news for you
7） 有关比较级的特殊句型：
A）： not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn‘t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener， and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role.
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
2.one的指代作用
one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones.the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this
答案为[C]
3.do的替代作用。
do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：
For him to be re-elected， what is essential is not that his policy works ， but that the public believe that it does.
二、代词指代一致问题
代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm， and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.
这里he指代前面的person.
It was during the 1920‘s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
这里its指代前面的两人的friendship.
Our department was monitored by two supervisors， Bill and me.
这里me必须用宾格形式。
代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：
1.邻近和靠近原则
由either … or， neither…nor， not only…but （also）连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination
If either David or Janet comes ， he or she will want a drink
2.当each， everyone， everybody， no one ，none ，anybody， someone， somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候，或者anything， nothing， something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：
Blocking the open-sided porch， framed by the enveloping fog， stands a tall grave-faced policeman.
Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.
Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair， there has been improvement in the facili
2. 主语带有（together/along）with， such as， accompanied by， as well as， no less than， except， besides， with， combined with， in addition to ， including， together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致
Professor Taylor ， with six of his students ，is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.
The president of the college， together with the deans， is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. （1981年考研题）
3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：
Despite much research， there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.
（1996年考研题）
There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for， but which do not bring a return in money to the community.
（1990年考研题）
4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of /lots of； plenty of/heaps of； half of； two-third （three-fourth…） of； eighty（ten， twenty…） percent； part of； rest of ； none of 等等
Two-thirds of people present are women
Lots of damage was caused by the fire
5.集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army， audience， band ，government ，group ，flock， police， public ，staff ，team ，troop. Crowd， firm， family 等等
Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
Up went the plane
2）出于习惯用法：here， there， now， thus， hence， then.如：
Now is your turn. There goes the bell.
Here is a ticket for you
There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work
注意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，如果是人称代词则不需要倒装
“ where is the cup？” “Here it is！”
Here you are.
There he comes.
3）有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：
Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole， but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.
never， no， neither， not only， hardly， scarcely， little， seldom， rarely， not until， nowhere， at no time， on no account， in no respect， in no sense， by no means， in vain， still less.如：
Not only is its direct attack on their discipline， it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.
Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.
（1985年考研题）
注：1）如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do.如：
Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.
（1983年考研题）
2）考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如：
Suddenly， Gallup‘s name was on everyone’s lips； not only was he the prophet of the moment， but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.
2.以only修饰状语（副词，介词短语，状语从句）开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：
only then， only at that time， only once， only in this way， only with， only through， only by， only when， only after， only because.如：
Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.
[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can
3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：
often， so， well， to such a degree， to such an extent， to such extremes， to such a point， many a time.如：
So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
[A]became the children [B]become the children
[C]had the children become [D]do the children become
Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.
Today‘s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.
Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.
5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装
1） 肯定重复倒装用：so
They have got up， and so has jack
2） 否定重复倒装用：nor， neither， no more
If you don‘t agree to our plan， neither will they
6.“not only……but also”结构时，如果not only 放在句首，则前半句but （also）句子后面不倒装
Not only did we lose all our money， but we also came close to being broke.
Much as I have traveled， I have never seen anyone to equal her， in thoroughness， whatever the job.
Brave as they are， they are afraid of fight
2） 出现在句型be+主语+其他，come what may中。如：
While it‘s true that we all need a career， preferably a profitable one， it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.
The business of each day selling goods or shipping them， went quite smoothly.
[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was （答案为B）
3） no matter how（who…）；however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：
No matter how busy he is ， he has to attend the meeting
However cold it is ， he always goes swimming.
语法测试
1. She said that she __ much progress since she came here.
A. makes B. made C. have made D had made
2. “What‘s the matter， Ali？ You look sad.”
“Oh， nothing much. As a matter of fact， I my friends back home.”
A. just thought B. have just been thinking
C. was just thinking D. have just thought
3. She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.
A. will be working B. worked
C. has been working D. will have worked
4. The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.
A. has investigated B.investigates
C. will have investigated D. investigated
5. Carey didn’t go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9：30.
A.must have looked after B. would have to look after
C. had to look after D. should have looked after
6. four years since John left school.
A. They have been B. It is C. It was D. Those are
7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o’ clock this afternoon.
A. has gone B. has not gone
C will be going D. has been going
8. By the time you arrive in London， we __ in Europe for two weeks.
A. shall stay B. have stayed
C. will have stayed D. have been staying
9. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed .
A. had produced B. have been produced
C. would have produced D. had been produced
10. The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night， so the vice-president is going to instead.
四川师范大学成教_成人专升本-成教函授报名网
